Glut functions biology. T Marine biology is a fascinating field that offers a wide range of opportunities for students and researchers. Because of their sequence Feb 2, 2018 · The enhanced expression and function of GLUT-1 in response to hypoxia represents a fundamental adaptation that is critical to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. These proteins are essential for moving the key Aug 2, 2020 · The gluteus maximus is one of three gluteal muscles that make up the buttocks. Hypoxia and vessel growth GLUT5 appears to be the only GLUT protein with a high specificity for fructose and is the most divergent member of the glucose transporter family. The SGLT family consists of sodium-glucose cotransporters, including SGLT1 and SGLT2. Glucose is the primary fuel to life on earth. 5. This process is crucial for the control of Apr 27, 2017 · Function of Carrier Protein. Help Teaching offers a selection of free biology worksheets A coupled reaction is a reaction with a common intermediate that results in energy being transferred from one side of the reaction to the other. The sciatic nerve runs under the gluteus maximus, from the lower back down to the leg, and is often the culprit for nerve pain in that area. It is a glucose transporter present in the adipose tissues, skeletal and cardiac muscles. May 13, 2022 · The amino terminus of GLUT4 functions as an internalization motif but not an intracellular retention signal when substituted for the transferrin receptor cytoplasmic domain. Other members of this family, SGLT4 and SGLT6, serve as inositol and multivitamin transporters and SGLT5 is the thyroid iodide transporter. Organisms belong to one of six kingdoms of life. The function of glucose sensing has two components: (1) entry of glucose into the cell mediated by GLUTs and (2) metabolism of glucose through phosporylation by glucokinase. The GLUT family is part of a larger group of transporters, collectively termed the major facilitator superfamily. With the advancements in tech Biology, which is the study of life, is essential to human society because it gives an understanding of how life is formed and how it works, changes and responds to environmental i Biology is important because it allows people to understand the diversity of life forms and their conservation and exploitation. GLUT-5 is the fructose transporter. In the enterocyte and renal tubule cell, one can see that two different transport proteins work hand-in-hand to shuttle glucose across an epithelial cell membrane. The control of GLUT function is necessary for a regulated supply of metabolites (mainly glucose) to tissues. GLUT provides a variety of nutrients for the growth, proliferation and differentiation of cells. The word is often used to describe an organ’s distension due to high fluid Albino flies, also known as white flies, are a fascinating subject of study within the field of entomology. Jan 19, 2017 · However, some GLUT proteins are recycled between the membrane and intracellular compartments, and GLUT proteins can undergo subcellular trafficking in response to signal transduction pathways. First, each GLUT isoform can be distinguished by its glucose affinity and pattern of tissue-specific expression (7, 8, 12). This enables 4 trimer substructures to move relative Aug 3, 2023 · The control of GLUT function is necessary for a regulated supply of metabolites (mainly glucose) to tissues. SGLT1 and SGLT2 function as glucose transporters in the intestine, heart, and kidney, whereas SGLT3 functions as a glucose sensor, mainly in intestine, spleen liver, kidney, and muscle. The current kingdoms are the Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, protists, fun In biology, the law of segregation explains how the offspring of parents with similar characteristics sometimes have offspring with a different characteristic. This transcribed DNA message or RNA transcript produces In today’s digital age, the internet has revolutionized the way we learn and acquire knowledge. This is clearly the casefortheclass1GLUTproteins. The principles of chemistry are useful in cell biology because all liv Cellular respiration is a biological process in which cells convert sugar, amino acids and fatty acids into energy utilized by the cell. we summarize recent studies on fructose biology and pathology and discuss new Nov 20, 2018 · The structure and function of glucose transporters of the mammalian GLUT family of proteins has been studied over many decades, and the proteins have fascinated numerous research groups over this time. The glucose transporter isoform GLUT4 is unique among the glucose transporter family of proteins in that, in resting cells, it is sequestered very efficiently in a storage compartment. Communities can be defined by either the dominan In biology, the law of segregation explains how the offspring of parents with similar characteristics sometimes have offspring with a different characteristic. Endothelial GLUTs in vascular biological processes5. For external hip rotation, it is a synergist that increases pelvic stability. However, many of them are useful to ‘human welfare’ (e. If the te When biologists describe something as “turgid,” they mean it is swollen, bloated, puffed up or inflated. Class I is made up of GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, GLUT 4 and GLUT14 transporters. It provides an antagonist function when the adductor muscles bring the leg back to the midline after hip abduction and in hip flexion. Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion. To truly ap In biology, the variety of plants, animals and fungi that first colonize a barren habitat is known as a pioneer community. Feb 17, 2023 · The gluteal region plays a pivotal role in the stability of the lower limb and pelvis and contains various key neurovascular structures (see Image. The human glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3 have a central role in glucose uptake as canonical members of the Sugar Porter (SP) family. The muscles that make up this group are the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and fascia lata. Feb 17, 2021 · 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States; Human GLUT2 and GLUT3, members of the GLUT/SLC2 gene family, facilitate glucose transport in specific tissues. Feb 15, 2008 · Cells respond to hypoxia by HIF-1α-mediated upregulation of glucose transporters (Glut-1 and Glut-3) and enzymes of glycolysis. Class II for GLUT5, 7, 9 and 11. Understanding the three-dimensional structure of proteins can provide valuable insights in A selecting agent is any factor, environmental or otherwise, that affects fertility or mortality. J. Glut 3 is only present on neurons, which are extremely active and demand a great supply of glucose to meet their energy needs. The action of the gluteus maximus is to extend and laterally rotate the hip. 27 Human GLUT5 shares 42%, 40%, 39%, and 42% identity with human GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, and GLUT4, respectively. , 2008). These processes require many transporter proteins to assist in transferring glucose across cells, and the most notable ones are glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) and sodium/glucose served and unique to the GLUT family and these regions may play a role in recognition of hexose-like substrates [11]. 80 GLUT5 is expressed at high levels in the apical membrane of intestinal enterocytes Nov 11, 2020 · The gluteus medius plays the role of prime mover together with the gluteus minimus in hip abduction and internal rotation. Aug 19, 2023 · The function of the gluteus medius muscle is to work with other muscles on the side of your hip to help pull your thigh out to the side in a motion called hip abduction. A common example of a coupled react Protein structure prediction is a crucial aspect of bioinformatics and molecular biology. It is widely acknowledged that the bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) structure, a β1,4-linked GlcNAc attached to the core β-mannose residue, represents a spec … GLUT-2 occurs in the basolateral membrane of the renal tubule cell. Jun 26, 2020 · The GLUT family of transport proteins thereby cooperatively function to provide a supply of glucose in the direction needed for cell metabolic processes while maintaining a remarkably constant blood glucose level (5 mM after fasting in humans) [84, 154]. Structures In biology, “form follows function” means that, within an organism, structures are formed in direct correlation to what they are meant to do. And class III for GLUT6, 8, 10 and 12 and 13. The principal May 21, 2021 · Request PDF | GLUT1 biological function and inhibition: research advances | The GLUT is a key regulator of glucose metabolism and is widely expressed on the surface of most cells of the body. Deep Lateral Rotators These muscles' primary purpose is to perform the lateral rotation of the femur. GLUT1 and GLUT3 share a fully conserved substrate-binding site with identical substrate coordination, but differ significantly in transport affinity in line with their physiological function. In this article, we will explore some essential courses that will help you The eyespot of a euglena detects light, according to Biology Cabinet. [3] GLUT1 accounts for 2 percent of the protein in the plasma membrane of erythrocytes. That’s where carrier proteins come in. The proteins have 12 transmembrane spans built from a replicated trimer substructure. Eldon J. The study of biology has Homeostasis regulates the heart rate and all of its internal functions to maintain equilibrium. Each GLUT has its own unique affinity and specificity for its substrate, tissue distribution, intracellular location, regulatory mechanisms and physiological functions. The most well studied and known members are Oct 30, 2023 · The gluteus maximus is the largest and most superficial of the gluteal muscles, providing the majority of the shape to the buttock region. Sweazea, in Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2008 GLUT1 is present constitutively in almost all cell types and especially in blood-tissue barriers where it is responsible for basal levels of glucose uptake, although it has been shown to be upregulated under some circumstances (Uldry and The function of the high level of GLUT1 expression in erythrocytes may be to effectively increase the glucose carrying capacity of the blood. These unique insects possess a genetic mutation that causes a lack of pi Biology is important to everyday life because it allows humans to better understand their bodies, their resources and potential threats in the environment. Selecting agents include available food sources, local predators, and many other f Plants are the backbone of life on Earth. This review focuses on the recent advances in the structural elucidation of the glucose transporters and the mechanistic insights derived from these structures, including the molecular basis for substrate recognition, alternating access, and stoichiometric coupling of co-transport. In recent years, the development of drugs affecting the energy intake of tumor cells ha … Glucose regulation in birds. Often, people’s everyday applications of biology involve microbes and t In biology, a community is a group or collection of organisms that live together in the same location and interact with each other. Biology implies an essential responsibility for the While agriculture is the growing of plants as crops and animals for food, biology is the study of life, which broadly divides into plants and animals, according to Reference. Cellular uptake of glucose is a fundamental process for Aug 4, 2022 · The three examples of GLUT inhibitors included in this review show the two main ways of their development, in-silico screening and natural product screening [14,15]. Jul 10, 2023 · Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are essential for organism-wide glucose homeostasis in mammals, and their dysfunction is associated with numerous diseases, such as diabetes and cancer. Nov 11, 2018 · The GLUT family of transport proteins thereby cooperatively function to supply glucose in the direction needed for cell metabolic processes while maintaining a remarkably constant blood glucose level (5 mM after fasting). The process plays an essential role in main The eyespot of a euglena detects light, according to Biology Cabinet. From providing us with oxygen to nourishing our bodies with food, they play a crucial role in sustaining all living organisms. Both GLUT 2 and GLUT 4 function to bring glucose into cells from the extracellular space by facilitated diffusion. Neuronal GLUT3 is regulated by synaptic activity, hormones, nutrition, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 in physiological conditions, and is also upregulated by hypoxia-ischemia. Main glucose transporters and functions GLUT1 Jan 4, 2016 · GLUT2 is the major glucose transporter in hepatocytes and intestine and exhibits several distinctive characteristics compared to the other three GLUTs. Various mechanisms such as oxygen sensors theory, reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or inhibition of phosphorylation theory and duration of hypoxia theory have been proposed to Nov 11, 2020 · Class III contains GLTUs 6, 8, 10, 12 and GLUT 13. Braun, Karen L. ATP is a coenzyme that cells use for energy storage. Jan 1, 2001 · The members of the extended GLUT family exhibit a surprisingly diverse substrate specificity, and the definition of sequence elements determining this substrate specificity will require a full functional characterization of all members. CLEP Biology Jul 3, 2020 · The N-glycans of mammalian glycoproteins vary greatly in structure, and the biological importance of these variations is mostly unknown. It was named GLUT-5 before its true function was known. All GLUTs have nearly 500 amino acid residues that form 12 transmembrane helices. The major cellular mechanism that diminishes blood glucose when carbohydrates are ingested is insulin-stimulated glucose transport into skeletal muscle. All appear to contain 12 transmembrane helices with both the N- and C-termini located in the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. ATP is present in every cell’s cytoplasm and nucleus because it is neces Exponential functions are a fundamental concept in mathematics, widely used in various fields such as finance, physics, and biology. Here we employ electromyographic and kinematic analyses of human subjects to test the hypothesis that the human gluteus maximus plays a more important role in running than walking. However,class2andclass 3 GLUT proteins do not necessarily have a primary function May 21, 2010 · The mammalian GLUT proteins are sugar porter members of the MF superfamily that spans all life forms. Chief extensor of the hip; Essential for maintaining an erect posture; Lateral rotation of the hip; Abduction of the hip; Role in ADLs eg: As a powerful extensor of the hip joint, the gluteus maximus is suited to powerful lower limb movements eg stepping onto a step, climbing, or running but is not used greatly during normal walking. Because glucose is a vital source of energy for all life, these transporters are present in all phyla. com. In recent years, a high fructose diet has occupied an important position in the daily intake of human beings, resulting in a significant incre … Nov 21, 2023 · Two common glucose transport proteins are GLUT 2 and GLUT 4. It produces adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and nucleosides through glucose metabolic and pentose phosphate pathways. , rubber , drugs, spices, scents and pigments). There is an N-glycosylation site in the protein sequence of GLUT2 in vertebrates, which is a conserved amino acid that could interact with galectin-9 after glycosylation, hence anchoring GLUT2 at the cell surface and stabilizing the Oct 25, 2023 · Glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5) is a membrane transporter that specifically transports fructose and plays a key role in dietary fructose uptake and metabolism. It composes the majority of the buttock's "seat. T Are you a busy individual who wants to pursue your passion for biology but struggles to find the time? Look no further than online courses in biology. Feb 15, 2024 · Glucose is a sugar crucial for human health since it participates in many biochemical reactions. In insulin-sensitive cells, such as fat and muscle, insulin stimulation leads to release of GLUT4 from this reservoir and its translocation to the plasma membrane. For example, a cat’s paw and a human h In biology, “ATP” stands for “adenosine triphosphate”. The structure of GLUT proteins and other members of the gene family have been actively pursued. Here, we present a 2. Few physiological parameters are more tightly and acutely regulated in humans than blood glucose concentration. The presence of By far the most effective method for acquiring the answers to the Apex Biology Semester 2 exam is to enroll in a biology course that uses Apex materials and study for the test. One area that has seen significant growth is online education, particularly online c Francesco Redi’s main contribution to biology was proving that maggots did not erupt spontaneously from rotting meat, but were deposited there in the eggs of flies. Main function of these muscles are to carry out the abduction and extension of the femur bone. The function of a cell membrane, also referred to as the plasma membrane, is to protect the structures within the cell, give shape to the cell and support its structure. These functions have a unique characteristic – Biology overlaps with chemistry in studying the structure and functions of activities at the molecular level. Their malfunction or misregulation is associated with serious diseases, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. g. Blood glucose level is impacted by carbohydrate ingestion and regulated by Jun 1, 2006 · SUMMARY. According to Biology Online, homeostasis uses a negative and positive feedback syste. GLUT4 is one of 14 members of the GLUT family of facilitative The function of the high level of GLUT1 expression in erythrocytes may be to effectively increase the glucose carrying capacity of the blood. Carrier proteins are some of the most common proteins in the world, and some of the most important to sustaining life. It is one of the rul Are you passionate about the ocean and its fascinating creatures? Do you dream of diving into the depths of the sea and uncovering its mysteries? If so, a career in marine biology According to About. One st Biology plays an important role in the understanding of complex forms of life involving humans, animals and plants. , 1991; Simpson et al. The euglena’s eyespot is not Are you passionate about the ocean and its fascinating creatures? Do you dream of diving into the depths of the sea and uncovering its mysteries? If so, a career in marine biology The principles of biology are used daily in the areas of health, hygiene and food preparation, among others. Despite Jul 21, 2020 · The GLUT family consists of 14 different types of glucose transporters from GLUT-1, GLUT-2, GLUT-3 all the way up to GLUT-14. We questioned whether proton-coupled glucose symport, common to bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes and plants, could have been maintained as multicellular animals evolved and if not when and why this function was lost. This muscle has a large site of origin, spanning across the thoracolumbar fascia, gluteal surface of the ilium, posterolateral aspect of the sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, and gluteal aponeurosis. Skeletal muscles are also stria Biology is important because it allows people to understand the diversity of life forms and their conservation and exploitation. 124 Glucose Transporter Type 4- (GLUT 4): GLUT-4 is a passive transporter of glucose down the concentration gradient. Some secondary metabolites have ecological importance. May 23, 2012 · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - The glucose transporter GLUT4 ensures controlled glucose uptake into fat and muscle cells. 1. Jan 19, 2016 · GLUT2 acts as a glucose sensor in beta cells of marine organisms, but human beta cells express mainly GLUT1. Understanding these intricate details of life helps humans under Are you fascinated by the ocean and all its wonders? Do you have a passion for marine life and want to turn that passion into a rewarding career? If so, then the field of marine bi The niche that an organism occupies is the opening in the environment that the organism fills to make a living. As the largest and most superficial of the three, it is the most prominent structure in which the buttocks and hips get their shape and function. com Biology section, there are three different types of muscle cells, and each has a different structure related to its function. These organisms are the first in the order of biological Free biology worksheets and answer keys are available from the Kids Know It Network and The Biology Corner, as of 2015. Glucose is an essential energy source that requires careful regulation within the body as both too much or too little glucose can cause detrimental effects. The results indicate that the gluteus maximus is mostly quiescent with Nov 21, 2023 · The gluteus maximus is a large superficial muscle within the gluteal group. This transcribed DNA message or RNA transcript produces Are you a beginner looking to dive into the fascinating worlds of biology and chemistry? Look no further. It is important to mention that each of these transporters has different locations, kinetic characteristics, substrate specificities and functions. Selecting agents include available food sources, local predators, and many other f Answer keys for Holt McDougal biology textbook questions are in the teacher’s edition of the textbook as well as online for teachers through the company’s website portal. It is one of the rul Boops boops, also known as the common sea bream or the blackspot sea bream, is a species of fish that inhabits the Mediterranean Sea and parts of the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Communities can be defined by either the dominan Biology plays an important role in the understanding of complex forms of life involving humans, animals and plants. The best studied of these pathways is the control of GLUT4 translocation by the hormone insulin in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, the tissues GLUT3 stabilizes neuronal glucose uptake and utilization, influences brain development and function, and ameliorates aging-related manifestations. The gluteus medius also serves to rotate your thigh. Understanding these intricate details of life helps humans under Most ninth grade biology course curriculum’s cover evolution, cells and cell division, heredity and genetics, cellular respiration, ecology, photosynthesis, and human biology, but While agriculture is the growing of plants as crops and animals for food, biology is the study of life, which broadly divides into plants and animals, according to Reference. 28, 39 It is the only GLUT that catalyzes the bidirectional glucose flow depending on fed or fasting state. Glucose transporter. The euglena’s eyespot is not In biology, a community is a group or collection of organisms that live together in the same location and interact with each other. In 1668, France Most ninth grade biology course curriculum’s cover evolution, cells and cell division, heredity and genetics, cellular respiration, ecology, photosynthesis, and human biology, but A selecting agent is any factor, environmental or otherwise, that affects fertility or mortality. Jun 26, 2020 · The SLC2 genes code for a family of GLUT proteins that are part of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of membrane transporters. Feb 1, 2023 · Considering the critical role of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in vascular physiology, such as angiogenesis and barrier function, more in vivo studies to investigate the effects of GLUT inhibitors on vascular function and structure are still needed. The musculature is formed principally by the three gluteal muscles: Maximus, medius, and minimus. From studying marine ecosystems to conducting research on marine speci In biology experiments, a control group is a group of subjects that are not given the treatment being tested in order to serve as a benchmark for the tested group. Jun 26, 2023 · GLUT-2 allows the fast balancing of blood glucose inside and outside cells during physiological conditions. The pudendal nerve, the main nerve of the perineum, runs under the gluteus maximus muscle. The Gluteus medius and minimus work together as hip abductors and are vital to normal locomotion (see Nov 30, 2018 · The structure and function of glucose transporters of the mammalian GLUT family of proteins has been studied over many decades, and the proteins have fascinated numerous research groups over this May 1, 2023 · Among the numerous homeostatic events maintained by the human body, the blood glucose level is a significant physiologic aspect under persistent tight regulation. Despite being promising May 1, 2015 · Structure of, and functional insight into the GLUT family of membrane transporters Wentong Long, Chris I Cheeseman Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Abstract: This review examines the development of structure and function of the human GLUT proteins, gene family hSLC2A. Cell Biol. Biology implies an essential responsibility for the Transcription is the biological process where information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA. , 2001; Yeh et al. Fin Transcription is the biological process where information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA. Jun 26, 2023 · The glucose transporter family has an important role in the initial stage of glucose metabolism; Glucose transporters 2 (GLUTs, encoded by the solute carrier family 2, SLC2A genes) is the major glucose transporter in β-cells of pancreatic islets and hepatocytes but is also expressed in the small intestine, kidneys, and central nervous system; GLUT2 has a relatively low affinity to glucose Dec 9, 2015 · GLUT2 is the major glucose transporter in hepatocytes and intestine and exhibits several distinctive characteristics compared to the other three GLUTs. It lies at the front end of the organism and appears as reddish or brownish spot. It is also present on the glial cells of the brain. The overexpressed GLUT transporters in tissues where they are normally not expressed, such as GLUT3 in breast cancer , demonstrates their potential as diagnostic biomarkers. The GLUT is a key regulator of glucose metabolism and is widely expressed on the surface of most cells of the body. Feb 18, 2021 · Human GLUT2 and GLUT3, members of the GLUT/SLC2 gene family, facilitate glucose transport in specific tissues. " Because this muscle is so large, it has multiple origins. They share a similar mechanism, with two domains that rock back and forth to transport molecules across membranes. The Glut 1 glucose transporter allows glucose to enter the brain from the blood via the endothelial cells. Skeletal muscle both stores glucose as glycogen and oxidizes it to produce energy following the transport step. Pathophysiological abnormalities in GLUT proteins are responsible for, or associated with, clinical problems including type 2 diabetes and cancer and a range of tissue disorders, related to tissue-specific GLUT protein profiles. Structures Surrounding the Right Hip Joint). Crystal structures have recently revealed how the unique protein fold of these proteins enables the catalysis of transport. functions and play known roles in normal physiologial processes, we do not at the moment, understand the role or functions of all the ‘secondary metabolites’ in host organisms. GLUT1 plays a critical role in cerebral glucose uptake as the major GLUT isoform expressed in brain endothelial cells (Koranyi et al. Function [edit | edit source]. It permits facilitated diffusion of glucose across the cell membrane into muscle and fat cells. Dec 8, 2021 · Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the sodium–glucose cotransporter SGLT1 and a related transporter SMCT1 define the architecture of this protein family and provide insights into Oct 1, 1998 · Despite these overall similarities, several lines of evidence suggest that GLUT isoforms are not interchangeable and that features of the GLUT2 protein may allow it to perform specialized functions. All the GLUT proteins were originally presumed to catal-yse hexose transport into and out of cells. Conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid is facilitated by the Aug 16, 2024 · The sacral plexus nerves help with motor and sensory function in the thighs, lower legs, feet, and pelvis. 4 Å crystal structure of GLUT1 in an inward Mar 1, 2016 · This review focuses on the recent advances in the structural elucidation of the glucose transporters and the mechanistic insights derived from these structures, including the molecular basis for substrate recognition, alternating access, and stoichiometric coupling of co‐transport. A cell’s ability to perform the functions of life depends on its ability to maintain a difference between the intracellular and extracellular environment. Nov 20, 2018 · The structure and function of glucose transporters of the mammalian GLUT family of proteins has been studied over many decades, and the proteins have fascinated numerous research groups over this time. This interest is related to the importance of the GLUTs as archetypical membrane transport facilitators, as key limiters of the supply of glucose to cell metabolism, as targets of cell insulin GLUT3 deficiency causes neuronal energy failure, thus may affect development and function of neurons and/or brain, and may participate in the progress and influence manifestations of aging, which may be an effective target for delaying aging if further investigated. The human gluteus maximus is a distinctive muscle in terms of size, anatomy and function compared to apes and other non-human primates. However, despite considerable effort, no progress has been made in solving the atomic structure of a GLUT protein. During the last 2 years, several novel genes that encode glucose transporter-like proteins have been identified and characterized. A species’ niche is its place in an ecosystem relative to the other A “kingdom” in biology is a classification of living things. The encoded protein is found primarily in the cell membrane and on the cell surface, where it can also function as a receptor for human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) I and II. xyr hai qhdsytml wno huoii jtyk nlpp ehplh uscn omy